January Feature: Universal Suffrage
Following the U.S. Civil War, the end of slavery raised more questions than it answered regarding the future of freed women and men—questions that invited constitutional clarification. Proposals for a Fourteenth Amendment to define and protect the rights of black men quickly followed the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in late 1865. In December, Robert Dale Owen, woman suffrage ally and former Democratic congressman from Indiana, sent a copy of the proposed wording of the amendment to suffragists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in New York. The second section of the resolution, which penalized states that did not enfranchise black "males," stood in sharp contrast to the first section, which defined the rights of national citizenship without qualifications.
Stanton and Anthony, recognizing that the opportunity to amend the Constitution can elude whole generations, were determined to include women in any constitutional changes being considered in Congress. The two organized a small group of women's rights advocates and former abolitionists to launch a campaign for "universal suffrage"—unrestricted voting rights for all male and female citizens.
